Question
What does it mean that humans have a closed, double circuit?
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Answer
Blood stays in vessels and passes through the heart twice per cycle.
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Question
Why is endothelial injury the initiating event in atherosclerosis?
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Answer
It permits lipid entry and inflammation, forming plaques.
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Question
How does parasympathetic stimulation differ from sympathetic stimulation in the heart?
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Answer
Via the vagus nerve, it decreases heart rate.
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Question
According to Fick's law, what two changes reduce alveolar gas transfer?
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Answer
Increased membrane thickness and decreased surface area.
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