Question
What is transformation in bacteria?
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Answer
Uptake of naked environmental DNA, then genomic incorporation by homologous recombination.
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Question
Why must (−) ssRNA viruses bring their own RdRp?
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Answer
Host cells lack an enzyme that copies RNA into RNA.
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Question
Reverse transcriptase
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Answer
Makes cDNA from mRNA; key clue that central dogma is not strictly one-way.
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Question
What is an Hfr cell, and why is it tested?
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Answer
A cell with integrated F factor that transfers chromosomal genes in order.
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